Blood clots are usually a normal process of healing that occurs when the body responds to an injury by forming a clot to stop bleeding. However, blood clots can be potentially fatal depending on their location and size. Problems arise when blood clots form inappropriately inside blood vessels, which can lead to complications.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a medical condition, wherein blood clots form in the legs. But why does it occur and what happens if it is left untreated. Dr Shrikant Ghanwat, Consultant-Vascular Surgeon, Jupiter Hospital, Pune, provides answers.
Why And How Blood Clots Form In The Legs?
According to research, DVT is a common venous thromboembolic (VTE) disorder with an incidence of 1.6 per 1000 cases per year, representing the third most common cause of death from cardiovascular disease after heart attacks and stroke.
Several factors can contribute to the formation of blood clots. These usually include
- Immobility or extended periods of inactivity, such as sitting for long hours during travel or bed rest after surgery, can reduce blood flow and increase the risk of clot formation. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 30 crore people travel on long-distance flights each year. For some, such long distance travelling can be a serious risk factor for DVT.
- Trauma or injury to the legs can damage blood vessels, triggering the body’s clotting response.
- Certain blood disorders, such as thrombophilia, increase the likelihood of blood clot formation. As per a study published in the Korean Circulation Journal, in case of recurrent DVT, a positive family history or unusual presentation may suggest hereditary thrombophilia and require investigation.
- Hormonal fluctuations, such as those experienced during pregnancy or while taking birth control pills, can influence blood clotting.
Symptoms To Watch Out For
Some common signs and symptoms of blood clots in the legs include:
- Unexplained swelling, usually in leg
- Deep, persistent pain or tenderness in the leg, especially when standing or walking
- Red or discoloured skin
- Warmer skin in the affected area
- More prominent or bulging veins
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is essential to seek immediate medical attention and visit a vascular surgeon to prevent potential complications, recommends Dr Ghanwat.
Understanding Its Complications
Dr Ghanwat says, “The most dreaded complication of DVT occurs when a blood clot breaks loose and travels to the lungs, causing a blockage in the pulmonary arteries, also known as Pulmonary Embolism (PE)”
“This can be life-threatening and requires emergency medical intervention,” he warns.
In addition, if DVT is left untreated, it can cause damage to the valves in the affected veins, leading to chronic venous insufficiency, says the doctor, adding, “This condition is known as post-thrombotic syndrome and can cause persistent leg pain, swelling, and ulcers.”
According to research, post-thrombotic syndrome occurs in 43% of patients two years post-DVT. However, the risk of recurrence of DVT is high and death occurs in approximately 6% of DVT cases and 12% of PE cases within a month of diagnosis.
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The Final Word
Most blood clot-related issues resolve with no complications. However, blood clots in the legs, or deep vein thrombosis, can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, if left untreated.
“Understanding the risk factors and symptoms associated with DVT is essential for early detection and prompt medical intervention. If you experience any symptoms of DVT, seek immediate medical attention to prevent complications like PE and post-thrombotic syndrome,” the doctor advises. “Remember, a timely response can make all the difference in ensuring your well-being and reducing the impact of blood clots on your health. Stay informed, stay vigilant, and prioritise your health,” he concludes.
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