Symptoms, Diagnosis, Risk Factors, And Treatment

Lung cancer is often associated with smoking, but did you know even non/never smokers are at risk of developing this cancer? It’s essential to know that this condition affects not only the person diagnosed but also their loved ones. Hence, on this World Lung Cancer Day, we must recognise that environmental factors can also play a significant role in causing lung cancer in non-smokers. Detecting it early and getting the right treatment is crucial to improving the chances of getting better.

Dr Ugandhar Bhattu C, Consultant Interventional Pulmonologist, Yashoda Hospitals, Hyderabad, explained lung cancer in non-smokers, its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. 

Symptoms Of Lung Cancer In Non-Smokers

Dr Bhattu said, “Sometimes, lung cancer may not show any symptoms, which is why regular screenings are necessary for those at high risk, even if they have never smoked heavily.” For non-smokers or people with a minimal smoking history, the early symptoms of lung cancer may include:

• Chronic cough that doesn’t go away or gets worse over time
• Shortness of breath, even during light activities or rest
• Persistent chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or coughing
• Unexplained weight loss or loss of appetite
• Feeling tired or weak
• Wheezing or hoarseness
• Frequent respiratory infections, like bronchitis or pneumonia
• Swelling in the face or neck
• Bone pain or fractures, especially in the back or hips

If someone experiences any of these symptoms for more than a few weeks, it’s essential to see a doctor for further evaluation. According to a study published by Missouri Medicine, over 50% of women with lung cancer are nonsmokers, compared to 15-20% of men who had the disease.

Also Read: Do Not Ignore Persistent Cough, It May Be A Sign Of Lung Cancer

Diagnosing Lung Cancer In Non-Smokers

Diagnosing lung cancer in non-smokers is similar to diagnosing it in smokers. Dr Bhattu listed some of the approaches as follows:

• Imaging tests like X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans to look for abnormalities in the lungs
• A biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken from the lung to check for cancer cells under a microscope
• Blood tests to detect certain substances produced by cancer cells
• Pulmonary function tests to evaluate lung capacity and function
• PET scans to see if cancer has spread to other parts of the body

The doctor will choose the best diagnostic approach based on the type and stage of cancer. Sometimes, a team of healthcare professionals, like pulmonologists, radiologists, oncologists, and surgeons, may work together for the diagnosis.

Factors That Increase The Risk

Although smoking is the most common risk factor, non-smokers can still develop lung cancer due to other reasons, such as:

• Inhalation of secondhand smoke from cigarettes, cigars, or pipes that belong to other individuals
• Being exposed to radon gas, which can build up in homes and increase the risk of lung cancer
• Contact with certain chemicals and pollutants like asbestos, arsenic, diesel exhaust, and air pollution
• Having a family history of lung cancer
• Certain genetic mutations increase the risk
• Emphysema and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are chronic lung disorders

Treatment Options for Lung Cancer In Non-Smokers

Dr Bhattu informed Treating lung cancer in non-smokers is similar to treating it in smokers. The treatment depends on the cancer stage, tumour location, and the patient’s overall health. 

• Surgery to remove the tumour, especially for early-stage lung cancer.
• Radiation therapy, which uses high-intensity radiation to kill cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy, where drugs are used to kill cancer cells throughout the body.
• Targeted therapy, which uses drugs to target specific molecules or genetic mutations in cancer cells.
• Using immunotherapy, cancer cells are attacked by the immune system
• Patients with advanced or metastatic lung cancer receive palliative treatment, which focuses on enhancing their quality of life

In some cases, doctors may use a combination of these treatments for the best results. Regular follow-up care is also essential to monitor for any signs of cancer coming back or getting worse.

Disclaimer

Remember, this information is provided by a healthcare professional and is for informational purposes only. If you notice any health problems, consult with your doctor right away.